Inside academe, a select few women's liberationist focus in documenting gender inequality & changes in the social position & representation of women. Others argue that gender, & potentially sex, come sociable constructs, & a food & drug administration the construction of gender & sex, and get replacement system for researching social relations.

Feminist political activism commonly campaign on issues like reproductive rights, violence within a domestic partnership, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, discrimination, and sexual violence. Themes explored within feminism include patriarchy, stereotyping, objectification, sexual objectification, and oppression.

In a Sixties & Seventies, feminism & feminist theory largely represented, & was caring by owning, problems faced by American, whiten, middle-class women piece at the equivalent period claiming to represent 100% women. Since that period, numbers of feminist theoriser keep close at hand challenged a assumption that "women" be the homogenous class action of people by using monovular interests. women's rightist militant emerged from either inside diverse communities, & feminist theorizer began to focus on the intersection between gender & gender by using more social identities, like race & class. Numbers of libber now argue that feminism occurs as grass-roots movement that seeks to cross boundaries according to social class, race, culture, and religion; is culturally specific & addresses issues relevant to the women of that society: for example female circumcision in Sudan, or a glass ceiling in developed economies; and debate a extent to which certain issues, like rape, incest, and mothering, are universal.

When it moves farther into a newly millennium, feminism continues to lobby for the rights of the marginalized & is beginning to witnessed explicitly feminist political parties.

Origins
Independent article: History of feminism.

Feminism as a philosophy & movement in the modern feel can be usefully dated to The Enlightenment with such thinkers as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Marquis de Condorcet championing women's education. A number 1 scientific society for women was founded in Middelburg, a city to the south of the Dutch republic, in 1785. Journals for women which focused in issues rather science became popular when you took this cycle too. Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is one of the number 1 works that may unambiguously exist as known as libber. Feminism became an unionised movement in the 19th century as people progressively come to suppose that women were existence treated below the belt. A women's lib was rooted in the progressive movement & especially in the reform movement of the 19th century. A utopian socialist Charles Fourier coined the word féminisme in 1837; when early as 1808, he had argued that a extension of women's rights was a general principle of wholly social progress. A organised movement was date back a number 1 women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York, around 1848. Inside 1869, John Stuart Mill published The Subjection of Women to demonstrate that "the legal subordination of one sex to the other is wrong...and...one of the chief hindrances to human improvement."

Several countries began to grant women a vote in the early years of the 20th century, especially in the final years of the First World War and a foremost years fallowing the war. a reasons for this varied, however involved a want to recognize a contributions of women in a period of the war, & were too influenced by rhetoric utilized by two sides at the instance to justify their war efforts. E.g., since Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points recognized self determination as a vital component of society, a hypocrisy of denying half a people of modern nations the vote became hard for men to forget about. (Understand: ''Women's suffrage'')

Feminism in many forms
A select few forms of feminist theory wonder basic assumptions just about gender, gender difference, & sex, including a category of "woman" itself as the holistic construct, farther a few come interested around questioning a male/female binary star entirely (offering instead a multiplicity of genders). More forms of feminist theory presume a conception of "woman" & provide specific analyzes & critiques of gender inequality, and virtually all feminist movement promote women's rights, interests, and issues. Feminism is non one ideology. On top-instance many sub-types of feminist ideology keep close at hand developed. Early women's rightist & primary women's liberation movement come typically known as a first-wave feminists, and women's liberationist when astir 1960 the second-wave feminists. Extrthe recently, a fresh generation of women's rightist own began third-wave feminism. Whether this is a lasting evolution remains to become seen when the 2nd-wave has not by a blame sight ended nor has it ceded to the third-wave women's rightist. What is thomas more, a select few commentators stand asserted that a silent majority of modern libber keep close at hand more around commons ideologically using a number 1-wave libber than a 2nd-wave. E.g., numbers of of the ideas arising from either Radical feminism and Gender feminism (prominent 2nd-wave movements) own eventually to benefit traction in a wide community & outside of Gender Studies departments in a academy.

E.g., Radical feminism argues that there exists an oppressive patriarchy that is the root cause of the severest social problems. Violence & oppression of women, because it is women, is extra first harmonic than oppressions related to class, ethnicity, religion, etc. Radical women's rightist use at times been super vocal & active around influencing attitudes & state-wide school program standards. So, these are non unusual for feminism to become compared by having a ideas projected by Radical feminism. A bit of call for that a prioritization of oppression & a universalization of the idea of "Woman," which was section of traditional Radical women's liberationist mentation, as well generic, & that women around more countries would never own household budget a equivalent case of existence "woman" than women inside American countries did.

A select few radical libber advocate separatism—a complete separation of male & female inside society and culture—spell others wonder non simply a relationship between men & women, however a super meaning of "man" & "woman" too (understand Queer theory). A few argue that gender roles, gender identity, and sex come themselves social constructs (see likewise heteronormativity). For these libber, feminism occurs as primary means to mortal liberation (we.e., a liberation of men too when women, & men & women from either more social problems).

More libber imagine that there can be social problems separate from either or even before patriarchate (e.g., racism or even class divisions); it look at feminism when of these movement of liberation among several, apiece affecting a others.

Egalitarian forms: equity feminism individualist feminism (also referred to as libertarian feminism) ** liberal feminism Gynocentric forms: cultural feminism gender feminism pop feminism radical feminism Belief around oppression by patriarchate: anarcha-feminism French feminism radical feminism Belief around oppression by capitalist economy: Marxist feminism socialist feminism Differences come exclusively ethnical, non biological: Amazon feminism psychoanalytic feminism Segregationalist: lesbian feminism (Lesbian separatism) separatist feminism African-American Black Feminism Womanism non-American: third-world feminism post-colonial feminism pro-sex feminism (also referred to as sexually liberal feminism, sex-caring feminism)

Subtypes of feminism
Amazon feminism Anarcha-Feminism Anti-racist feminism cultural feminism ecofeminism equity feminism existentialist feminism French feminism gender feminism individualist feminism (also referred to as libertarian feminism) lesbian feminism liberal feminism male feminism or men's feminism man bashing Marxist feminism (also referred to as socialist feminism) material feminism pop feminism post-colonial feminism postmodern feminism which includes queer theory pro-sex feminism (also referred to as sexually liberal feminism, sex-caring feminism) psychoanalytic feminism radical feminism separatist feminism socialist feminism spiritual feminism standpoint feminism third-world feminism transnational feminism transfeminism womanism Certain actions, approaches & humans can besides become described when proto-feminist or post-feminist.

Although numbers of leaders of feminism use at times been women, non everthing libber come women. Occasionally libber argue that men should non choose positions of leadership around the movement, because men, getting been socialized to sharply search positions of power or even even even direct the agendas inside a leadership hierarchy, would use this tendency to feminist organizations; or that women, sustaining been socialized to defer to men, would become hindered around getting or expressing their have self-leadership in working as well closely with men. Notwithstanding, virtually all women's liberationist run assume & search a trend lines of men. Compare pro-feminist, humanism, masculism, masculinism®.

Relationship to other movements

Virtually all women's liberationist take a holistic approach to politics, believing a expression of Martin Luther King Jr., "A threat to justice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere". In this belief, occasionally women's rightist unremarkably trend lines more movements like a civil rights movement, the gay rights movement and, more recently fathers' rights. At a equivalent instance several nigrify women's liberationist like bell hooks criticize the movement for existence dominated by white women. Libber claims all about a disadvantages women face around American society come typically less relevant to the passes of black women. This idea is the key around postcolonial feminism. Numerous nigrify feminist women like a term womanism for their views.

Yet, women's liberationist come periodically leery of the transgender movement because it challenges the distinctions between men & women. Transgender & transsexual women are excluded from either a few "women-only" gatherings & cases and come rejected by a few women's rightist world health organization say that there are no a single natural male may fully realize a oppression that women face, likewise citing a sexism inherent in the notion that feminineness occurs as default gender that of these may enter when shedding externally recognizable male traits. This exclusion is criticized when transphobic by transwomen who assert that a discrimination & various struggles (like that for legal recognitions) that it face due to asserting their gender identity is closely linked to many feminist efforts, & that discrimination against gender-variant population is an additional face of heterosexism and patriarchy. View transfeminism and gender studies.

Effects of feminism in the West

Occasionally women's liberationist would argue that there exists however very much to become done in these fronts, when third-wave libber would disagree & claim that a battle has essentially been won.

Effects on civil rights

Feminism has effected several changes around American society, including women's suffrage; broad employment for women at more equitable wages ("equal pay for equal work"); the right to initiate divorce proceedings and the introduction of "no fault" divorce; the right of women in almost all countries to exercise a degree of control over their own bodies and medical decisions, including obtaining contraception and safe abortions; and many others.

When American society hwhen be more & more accepting of women's liberationist lesson, numbers of one issues, perceived as radical in the 19th century, come currently a portion of mainstream political thought, like the right of women to vote, have land, and pick out their have married partners, or even decide does'nt to marry. Virtually there is no of these within American societies in todays world questions these rights.

Effect on language

English-speaking feminists come typically exponent of what it assume to exist as non-sexist language, using "Ms." to refer to both married and unmarried women, for example, or the ironic use of the term "herstory" instead of "history". Women's liberationist come as well typically exponent of utilizing gender-inclusive language, like "humanity" instead of "mankind", or even "he or she" in situ of "he" in which a gender is unknown. Women's rightist around virtually all lawsuits advance their desired utilize of language either to promote an compeer & venerating professional assistance of women or even to affect a tone of political discourse. This may be seen equally a move to vary language which has been viewed by occasionally women's rightist as imbued using sexism - providing for instance a experience in the English language the word for the general pronoun is "he" or "his" (A little one should develop his paper & pencils), which is a equivalent when the masculine pronoun (A son & his truck). These women's rightist purport that language so directly infects perception of reality (compare Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis). Nonetheless, to take a postcolonial analysis of this point, numerous languages other than EnglishMight not use such the gendered pronoun case & so ever-changing language might not become when crucial to a bit of women's rightist when others. However, English is becoming additional & further universal, & a issue of language can become seen to be of growing importance.

But then, quite an different tendency may be seen inside French. Gender, as a grammatical construct, is very much extra permeative withwithin French than in English, & following, it has been virtually impossible to produce inclusive language. Instead, nouns that originally experienced simply the masculine form will have feminine counterparts created for the children. "Professeur" ("teacher"), it used to be that universally masculine disregarding of the teacher's sex, okay, has the parallel feminine form "Professeure". Just in case in which separate masculine & feminine forms keep close at h& universally existed, it was it used to become that standard practice for the class action containing two men and women to be referred to using the masculine plural form, however present, forms like "Toutes les Canadiennes et tous les Canadiens" ("all Canadians", or even literally "all the female Canadians and all the male Canadians") come becoming extra commons.

Effect on heterosexual relationships

A women's liberation movement keep close at hand for sure affected a nature and severity of heterosexual relationships in American & more societies affected by feminism. When these results develop typically been seen when caring, there keep close at hand been a select few results that may be catalogued when negative from either a traditional point of review in lesson.

Around the select few one relationships, there has been a vary in the power relationship between men & women. Inside these circumstances, women & men will have to adapt to comparatively newly situations, another time stimulating confusions just about role and identity. Women could nowadays avail themselves extra to recently chance, however occasionally stand suffered by having a demands of trying to fulfill a and so-supposed "superwomen" identity, & keep around struggled to 'keep around it completely', we.e. handle to pleasantly balance the career & personal. Around response to the personal issue, numbers of socialist libber blame this on the want of state-provided tyke-child care facilities. Others develop advocated instead that a encumbrance of toddler-child care non rest entirely on the female, however like that men partake in the responsibility of managing personal matters.

There st& been changes likewise within attitudes towards sexual morality & behavior by having a onset of 2nd wave feminism and "the Pill": women come so other inside control of their bodies, & are breathe to case sex using extra freedom than was antecedently socially accepted for the babies. This sexual revolution that women were then breathe to case wwhen seen as caring (especially by sex-positive feminists) as it enabled women & men to case sex within the loose & equal manner. Nevertheless, a bit of libber felt that a resolutions of the intimate revolution single was beneficial to men. Whether marriage is an institution that oppresses women and men, or even non, has generated discussion. People that wash learn from it when oppressive periodically opt for cohabitation or more recently to survive independently reverting to casual sex to fulfill their sexual needs.

Effect on religion

Feminism has got a great symptom in several aspects of religion. Around liberal branches of Protestant Christianity, women are currently ordained when clergy, and within Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist Judaism, women are ordained when rabbis and cantors. In these Christian and Jewish groups, women have bit by bit be other about up to men by obtaining positions of power; their perspectives come nowadays sought call at getting freshly statements of belief. Within Islam women use historically contributed to everthing aspects of Islamic life, from either religious edicts to help on the field of honor. As much as half of the expression of Muhammad are taken from his married woman Aisha, whom men typically consulted in religious matters. In that day smart shoppers might typically view numerous women scholars in Arabic satellite tv answering Islam-related questions, asked by each genders. 1 matter remains debatable present, which is whether or even does'nt the woman can lead men inside prayers. These trends, still, develop been resisted in Roman Catholicism. Roman Catholicism has historically excluded women from either typing priesthood & more positions around clergy, allowing women to hang on to positions when nuns or even when laypeople.

Feminism as well has experienced an crucial role inside embracing fresh forms of religion. Neopagan religions especially tend to emphasize the importance of Goddess spirituality, and wonder what it look upon traditional religion's hostility to women & a sacred feminine. Particularly Dianic Wicca is a religion whose origins lie within radical feminism. Among traditional religions, feminism has led to self examination, by owning rescued caring Christian & Islamic views & ideals of Mary, Islamic views of Fatima Zahra, and especially to the Catholic belief in the Coredemptrix, as counterexamples. All the same, criticism one efforts when unable to salvage corrupt church structures & philosophies continues. Occasionally argue that Mary, by using her status when mother & virgin, & when traditionally a independent model for women, sets women as much as aspire to an impossible ideal & likewise so has veto symptoms in person feel of identity & gender.

There is a separate article in God and gender; it discusses how monotheistic religions reconcile their theologies by using contemporary gender issues, you said it modern feminism has influenced a theology of numbers of religions.

Effect on moral education

Opponents of feminism claim that women's baby external power, when opposed to the internal power to affect more population's ethics & values, has left the vacuum around moral training, where women once held sway. A select few women's rightist reply that a education, including a moral education, of kids hwhen never been, & should does'nt become, seen as a exclusive responsibility of women. Paradoxically, these are as well held by others that a moral education of babies home in the form of homeschooling is itself a women's movement. Such arguments come entangled in a big disagreements of the Culture Wars, when well as in libber (& anti-feminist) ideas on custodianship of social lesson & compassion.

Worldwide statistics

A ensuing occurs as sampling of actual cost related to the proportional status of women worldwide.

Worldwide, women operate to a higher degree men, once each paid employment & unpaid personal tasks come accounted for, based on data from a [http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/pdf/hdr04_HDI.pdf United Nations Human Development Report 2004: Section 28, Gender, Work Burden, and Time Allocation]. Around rural areas of the underdeveloped countries surveyed, women perform an norm of 20% additional function than men, or even even more, an extra 98 transactions by the day. In the OECD countries surveyed, on the average women performed 5% other act than men, or even Eighteen transactions by the day. Women have sole One percent of the globe's wealth, & earn 10 percent of the globe's income, despite making higher 51 percent of the people. Women come underrepresented all told of the globe's major legislative bodies (watch [http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm Women in National Parliaments, November 2004]). Within 1985, Finland had the big percentage of women inside national legislative assembly at close to 32 percent (P. Norris, Women's Legislative Participation around American Europe, West European Politics). Presently, Sweden has the greatest total of women at 45 percent. A United States has just 14 percent. The world norm is upright 9 percent. Around counterpoint, half of the members of the recently constituted Welsh Assembly Government are women.

Perspective: the nature of the modern movement

Virtually all women's rightist suppose discrimination against women however is within Northward U.s. & European nations, too when worldwide. However there come numerous ideas inside a movement on a harshness of todays problems, what a problems are, you bet to look at the two.

Extremes on one hand include a bit of radical libber like Mary Daly who argues that the world would be better hit by using dramatically fewer men. There are likewise objector, like Christina Hoff Sommers or Camille Paglia, world health organization identify themselves when women's liberationist however who accuse a movement of anti-male preconception.

But then, several libber wonder a apply of the term libber to groups or even humans world health organization fail to recognize a fundamental equality between the sexes. Occasionally women's rightist, such as Katha Pollitt (see her book Reasonable Creatures) or Nadine Strossen (President of the ACLU and author of Defending Pornography [a treatise on freedom of speech]), assume feminism to become, exclusively, a see that "women are people." Views that separate a sexes like than unite the babies come considered by these humans to become sexist like than feminist.

There are as well debates between difference feminists such as Carol Gilligan on a one h&, world health organization suppose that there come crucial differences between a sexes (which will or even might not exist as inherent, however which can't exist as ignored), & people world health organization suppose that no essential differences between a sexes, and that the roles found around society are due to conditioning. Modern man of science another time disagree in whether inborn differences survive between men & women (differently physical differences like anatomy, chromosomes, & internal secretion).

Inside Marilyn French's germinal works analyzing patriarchy & its effects on the world escaped--including women, men & tikes--she defines patriarchate as a models that values power above life, control on top pleasure, and dominance above happiness. Based on data from French, "it is not enough either to devise a morality that will allow the human race simply to survive. Survival is an evil when it entails existing in a state of wretchedness. Intrinsic to survival and continuation is felicity, pleasure. Pleasure has been much maligned, diminished by philosophers and conquerors as a value for the timid, the small-minded, the self-indulgent. "Virtue" involves the renunciation of pleasure in the name of some higher purpose, a purpose that involves power (for men) or sacrifice (for women). Pleasure is described as shallow and frivolous in a world of high-minded, serious purpose. But pleasure does not exclude serious pursuits or intentions, indeed, it is found in them, and it is the only real reason for staying alive" [http://www.fragmentsweb.org/stuff/10french.html| Beyond Power] This philosophy is what French offers as a replacement to a todays structure in which power has the greatest value--& these are this feminism to which numbers of (women & men) subscribe.

Criticisms of feminism

Feminism has attracted attention due to the social changes it has effected within American society. When feminism (inside a few forms & to variable degrees) is typically accepted, there are as well numbers of dissentient voices.

Occasionally critics (each male & female) believe that a few women's liberationist come profits preaching hatred against males or even claiming male inferiority, suggesting that in case a words "male" & "female" were replaced by "black" & "white" severally around a select few feminist writings, a texts can be take for racist propaganda. When numbers of libber usually disagree by having a watch that men come equally oppressed under patriarchate, more women's liberationist, especially third-wave feminists agree that men are likewise oppressed & that gender equality means oppression of neither gender.

Numerous sense that when women's liberationist claim to think within equality of a sexes, the ideology of present-contemporary feminism is inherently [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gynocentric gynocentric]. These critics cite two a etymology & symbism of a contemporary women's lib, & the constant focus of its functiin on issues that affect women. It sense that followers of this ideology tend to view the world across the certain lens, which drives the two to exist as prejudiced. These critics say that a libber begwithin sustaining a assumption that women come widely oppressed in contemporary Us, & never stray from either that assumption – leading to observations that come clouded by confirmation bias. This class action of critics would rather to look at the recently not gender-biased term replenish “feminism,” like “gender egalitarianism." This term would then replace “feminism” when used in reference to the belief, close to universal now in contemporary Western culture, in basic equal rights and opportunities for both sexes.

Some argue that because of feminism, males are beginning to be oppressed. Those who make this claim often note that males die from suicide 4 times more frequently than females attempting suicide in the USA; rates climbed dramatically during the 1980s and early 1990s; 72% of all suicides are white males; slightly over half of all suicides are adult men aged 25-65. Some critics conclude that the USA is becoming a country where males, especially white males, are severely oppressed. [http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/374.pdf] The global statistics are similar. [http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/global_campaign/en/selfdirectedviolfacts.pdf]According to some sociologists, there are various reasons for these suicide rate increases, and they do not necessarily indicate a greater level of oppression against men. Some studies of the 20 year increase in male suicide rates (ending in 1998, when the rate began to decrease) have found only a correlation between it and: local economic health and employment rates, suicide methods preferred by men, male isolation if divorced, women seeking treatment for depression in far greater numbers than do men, and (especially) aging populations. Whether these factors are influenced by any kind of male disadvantage is open to interpretation. It should be noted that during the same approximate period (1952 to 1995) the rates for teen and elder suicide nearly tripled.

Many people object to the feminist movement as trying to destroy traditional gender roles. They say that men and women have many natural differences and that everyone benefits from recognizing those differences. For example, children are thought to benefit from having a masculine father and a feminine mother; in this view, divorce, single parenthood, or non-traditional gender roles are all seen as harming children more than do conflict in the home, dual but poor role models, or new definitions of masculinity, femininity, or family. The traditional nuclear family is now an exceptional background in the US, and has been the subject of many critiques characterizing it as a racist or culturally ignorant or nostalgic idealized model.

Criticism has been made that social change and legal reform have gone too far and now negatively affect men and families with children. For example, it has been suggested that custody hearings in divorces are biased towards the mother, and several organizations have formed to fight for fathers' rights.

Some men also express worry that a belief in the glass ceiling for women has led to women being promoted more than men for the purpose of public relations than for their merit. This could be compared to affirmative action; thus, feminists who favor such a method of reform usually present arguments similar to those used for defending affirmative action (i.e. that such a system is required to offset the results of previous discrimination).

There is also a group of Paleoconservatives including George Gilder and Pat Buchanan that have argued that feminism has produced a fundamentally unworkable, self-destructive, stagnant society. These authors have noted that all of the societies in which feminism has developed the most have below replacement rates of fertility, high rates of immigration (frequently from countries with cultures and religions extremely hostile to feminism). In the US, the "liberal" religious groups most accepting of feminism have had noted decline-in both conversions and natural increase. The most rapidly growing major religion in the US is Islam, some forms of which are extremely hostile to feminism.

Although efforts to curb sexual harassment against women in the workplace are normally applauded, there are those who note that the situation is such that the concern directed towards women in resolving disputes of sexual harassment is indirect discrimination, in that less concern is given to men when they are the subject of the claims, or when they are claiming a case of sexual harassment. Since the 1990s, proving sexual harassment in the United States (by either men or women) has been made much more difficult by Supreme Court decisions.

Postcolonial feminists criticise Western forms of feminism, notably radical feminism and its most basic assumption, universalization of female experience. These feminists argue that the assumption of a global experience as a woman is based on a white middle-class experience in which gender oppression is primary, and cannot apply to women for whom gender oppression may come second to racial or class oppression.

Today, young women most commonly associate "feminism" with radical and gender feminism, and this has put off a lot of these women from being active in feminism, spurring a move away from second-wave labels. However, the basic values of feminism (gender equality of rights and opportunities) have become so integrated into Western culture as to be accepted overwhelmingly as valid, and non-conformity to those values characterized as unacceptable, by the same men and women who reject the label "libber".

Feminist criticism has further suggested that as an ideology, feminism claims to be an omnipurpose viewpoint. This would imply that a feminist perspective can be applied to all areas of life (and policymaking in particular). This has been disputed, as critics contend that a feminist position is to curt to include a range of topics, for example nuclear power or disaster prevention.

Famous Feminists
Lila Abu-Lughod - Anthropologist Rachel Adler - Jewish theologian Susan B. Anthony Gloria Anzaldúa - Poet Simone de Beauvoir - Philosopher Ruth Behar - Anthropologist Judith Butler - Philosopher Hélène Cisoux - Philosopher Nellie McClung - Writer, Teacher, one of the "Noted Five" Mary Daly - Christian theologian Andrea Dworkin - Writer Henrietta Muir Edwards Jean Bethke Elshtain - Philosopher Marilyn French - Writer, author of Beyond Power, an extensive "history" of patriarchy Betty Friedan - Writer Diana Fuss - Professor of English Jane Gallop - Professor of English Sandra Gilbert - Professor of English Emma Goldman - Anarchist, writer Deborah Gordon - Anthropologist Germaine Greer - Writer Sandra Harding - Philosopher Donna Haraway - Anthropologist Susannah Heschel - Jewish theologian bell hooks -Writer and critic Luce Irigaray - Philosopher Maxine Hong Kingston - Novelist Biddy Martin - Professor of German studies Suzanne MacNevin - Writer/chemist Emily Martin - Anthropologist Nellie McClung - writer, one of the "Far-famed Five" Louise McKinney Kate Millett - Critic Chandra Talpade Mohanty - Sociologist Toril Moi - Professor of literature Henrietta Moore - Anthropologist Emily Murphy - Writer, Magistrate, one of the "Far-famed Five" Judith Newton Professor of English Emmeline Pankhurst Sylvia Pankhurst Irene Parlby Judith Plaskow - Jewish theologian Janice Raymond - Writer Rayna Rapp Reiter - Anthropologist Audre Lorde - Poet, essayist, activist Andrienne Rich - Poet and essayist Gayle Rubin - Anthropologist Margaret Sanger Alice Schwarzer - Writer Joan Wallach Scott - Historian Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick - Professor of English Cindy Sherman - Artist/photographer Dorothy Smith - Sociologist Kiki Smith - Artist/sculptor Valerie Solanas - Author of the SCUM Manifesto Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak - Professor of English Judith Stacey - Sociologist Elizabeth Cady Stanton Carolyn Kay Steedman - Professor of Arts Education Gloria Steinem - Journalist and publisher T. Minh-ha Trinh - Writer, filmmaker, composer Sojourner Truth Alice Walker - Novelist Monique Wittig - Novelist and critic Virginia Woolf - Writer Mary Wollstonecraft - Writer Sylvia Yanagisako - Anthropologist Iris Marion Young - Philosopher